In order to understand the drivers of crime, criminological research should seek to move beyond a risk-factor based approach that produces descriptive lists of the typical characteristics or circumstances of people who commit certain crimes. [footnote 72] They found that trust in procedural fairness did not predict obligation to obey the police but predicted moral alignment. We therefore suggest conducting in the UK context more, for example, ethnographic research in the style of Andersons (1999)[footnote 64] Code of the Streets and Goffmans (2014)[footnote 65] On the Run, and using micro historical case studies as conducted by Ball et al (2019). London ranks third - with the Metropolitan police recording 137 instances of knife crime last year. , Jolliffe, D., Farrington, D. P., Piquero, A. R., MacLeod, J. F., & Van de Weijer, S. (2017). Between year ending June 2011 and year ending June 2018 there was an increase in the proportion of offenders receiving an immediate custodial sentence for a knife and offensive weapon offence,. The second major study on desistance is a UK-based analysis known as the Sheffield Pathways out of Crime Study (SPOOCS). , Ibid. Their analysis was used to support the argument that desistance was not merely due to ageing and maturing character but related to 4 turning points that helped previous offenders desist. In the UK, however, mixed support for this explanation has been found. Over the last 11 years there has been a national decline in the overall levels of police stop and search. There is no clear evidence of ethnic differences between White and BAME offenders arrested or convicted of acquisitive violence. RT @rakibehsan: The English countryside is the least of the average ethnic-minority person's worries tbh. 43(3): 365-397. , Wilson, H. W., Stover, C. S., & Berkowitz, S. J. Preventing gang and youth violence: a review of the risk and protective factors. [footnote 25]. A further review by Haylock et al in 2020 of risk factors associated with weapon-related crime for young people aged 10 to 24 within the UK strengthens both of these reports. In 45.7% of offences, no suspect was identified at all. British journal of criminology, 52(6), 1051-1071. Knife crime in London, communal violence in cities like Leicester, and religious sectarianism across a string of post-industrial towns in Northern England, are far more pressing issues IMO. , Conduct disorder is a mental disorder which presents behaviours similar to anti-social behaviour. Although we consider risk factors of gang involvement in this paper, it is important to first note that membership of a gang itself is not necessarily a crime, and that the data and analysis on these issues is generally taken from associations with other types of offending, such as violent crime and drug use. overall, men were 6 times as likely to be arrested as women - there were 20 arrests for every 1,000 men, and 3 arrests for every 1,000 women black men were over 3 times as likely to be arrested. For example, Home Office data in 2018 showed that in England and Wales only 8.2% of crimes recorded by the police resulted in a suspect being charged or court summoned. , Farrington, D. P. (2005). In 2017, 83% of offenders were male, 35% were aged between 17 to 24, and 69% were BAME. This lack of capacity to undertake fine-grained analysis is a major problem that cannot be easily overcome. There were 292 (15%) victims in the Black,. Homicide Studies, 16 (2), 99-128; McVie, S. (2010). This data could be obtained through the development of public surveys, where the data is appropriate to the localities under study, including local public perception surveys focused on specific offence types. This work showed that in London in 2017, 50% of knife crime offenders were BAME (up from 44% in 2008). As we argue above, a big problem with existing studies and reports is that they are essentially all based on the same datasets. This is reflected in recent police recorded crime figures published by the ONS which showed a 9% decrease in the number of knife and offensive weapon offences recorded from 38,728 in year. London: University of Chicago Press. Ethnic disparities were also evidenced when looking at knife possession. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 18, 417-425; Brennan, I. R., & Moore, S. C. (2009). Palgrave Macmillan UK. It is evident that disparities in recorded offending in relationship to these categories of behaviours begin with inequalities in relation to police contact and in particular the police use of stop and search powers. Their analysis also identified several protective factors that work against gang involvement (see Table 4). There was major concern about knife killings in London in 2021 when a record 30 teenagers died. A notable exception to this is the MoJs Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System report in 2018 which analysed homicides in England and Wales. The Crime Survey of England and Wales (CSEW) provides information about peoples experiences and perceptions of anti-social behaviour. A comparable picture emerged for young Black women, who were 5.1 times more likely to be arrested for robbery compared with young White women. [footnote 59]. These arrests translated into higher percentages of theft convictions that varied in a similar pattern, accounting for 38% of convictions for White offenders, and 28% for Other (including Chinese) offenders, 18% of Black offenders, and 19% of Asian offenders. Taking stock of the relationship between gang membership and offending: A meta-analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior 43, no. , Ball, R., Stott, C., Drury, J., Neville, F., Reicher, S. & Choudhury, S. (2019) Who controls the city? A similar pattern emerged when examining knife crime with injury. This Our analysis of the sample of literature shows that there are demonstrable, quantifiable and robust disparities in Criminal Justice System (CJS) pathways outcomes according to ethnicity. Knife crime tends to be more prevalent in large cities, particularly in London. ; National Crime Agency (2017). Gang membership and drug involvement: Untangling the complex relationship. [footnote 42] This research suggests that drug use leads to involvement in criminal behaviour due to: Perhaps unsurprisingly, the risk and protective factors for drug use overlap with those for violent crime and gang involvement outlined above. Well send you a link to a feedback form. [footnote 12] A slightly different pattern was evident for young Mixed ethnicity men, who were 4.2 times more likely than young White men to be arrested for robbery. We then explore how these patterns may be explained in relation to the interrelated stages of a persons contact with, and journey through, the CJS in terms of policing, courts and sentencing. Beginning with policing, Harcourts 2006 study in the US found that many interviewees carry weapons because they have limited confidence in the police to protect them from violence. Since 2016, Asian offenders had the longest Average Custody Sentence Length (ACSL) for possession of weapons offences. For example, the reports focused on risk factors for violent crime referenced other studies that set out risk factors for youth violence and gang membership. For example, CJS data can be used to assess the broad overall patterns of criminality and how this relates to ethnicity, but this data does not tell us why these patterns arise. Almost three quarters (1,405 or 72%) of all homicide victims (where ethnicity was known) over the three-year period were from the White ethnic group. Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic disproportionality in the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales, table A2.11 in Appendix 2. Stewart, D., Gossop, M., Marsden, J., & Rolfe, A. Here just 37 knife-related crimes were reported per . It is important to note that while we did not identify trust as a risk (or protective) factor for the crimes of interest, it is clear that a lack of trust is pervasive in the UKs criminal justice system. Waples, S., Gill, M., & Fisher, P. (2009). (2014). The latest police recorded crime figures show that there were 47,119 offences involving a knife or sharp instrument recorded by the police in the year ending September 2020. Having identified these research relevant geographical locations, there would need to be agreements reached between the research team and the relevant local stakeholders (for example, data sharing agreements with and between the local police force, relevant local authorities, and NHS) in order to allow the different stakeholders and the research team to systematically gather primary quantitative and qualitative data in a consistent and comparable way. [footnote 36] Also, the data and analysis is skewed by research from the US, where criminal gang cultures are much more salient and deeply-embedded. Datasets in academic studies also tend to lack cross cultural relevance to the UK, particularly as this relates to ethnicity. Childhood origins of antisocial behavior. The British Journal of Criminology, 59(3), 571-593. Legitimacy and the influence of legal institutions. (2009). . [footnote 20] The study found that Black African offenders aged 18 to 25 were more likely to breach dispersal powers than offenders in the same age group from different ethnic groups (White British, White Other, Black Other, Asian and Asian British). Governmental and other administrative reports tend to be based on the same data. The dominance of data from London often has the capacity to skew the national picture. Note: * indicates a statistically significant difference. An analysis of indicators of serious violence: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study and the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study 2019. Ministry of Justice, available online; Hopkins, K., Uhrig, N., & Colahan, M. (2016). , Ibid; Liebling, A., Arnold, H. and Straub, C. (2011). Due to data limitations the information supplied by the police in relation to the ethnicity of county lines, nominals should be treated with caution. Viewing things differently: The dimensions of public perceptions of police legitimacy. Their analysis found that a range of individual, school and community factors were all associated with gang involvement, but the influence of these different factors varied with age. The majority of 73% of offenders were White, of which 85% were imprisoned. Black offenders had the highest proportionate rates of reoffending for this period, offenders from the Other ethnic groups had the lowest rates. The number of knife or sharp instrument offences recorded by the police in London rose to approximately 11,122 in 2021/22, compared with 10,150, which had the fewest number of knife crimes in. On the other end of the spectrum, Dorset is the safest place in the UK to live for knife crime. [footnote 35] Also, the concepts of gangs and gang membership are problematic. It also inhibits an analysis of how the relationship between victims and offenders may differ according to ethnicity, crime type and context. The SPOOCS is a longitudinal analysis of more than 100 persistent young adult offenders that was conducted between 2006 and 2007. 29 Apr 2023 12:52:45 Second, minority ethnic groups and other marginalised groups may not be willing or able to engage with quantitative research methods (for example, they may not have access to a computer, or may not trust the authorities). [footnote 66]. , Raby, C., & Jones, F. (2016). Several studies have shown that the drugs mostly associated with acquisitive crime include heroin, crack cocaine and methamphetamine.

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