1966:The UVF is banned after killing members of the IRA 1971:The Ulster Defence Association (UDA) is. Most of its members came from the UVF's Mid-Ulster Brigade, which Wright had commanded.In a two-year period from August 1996, the LVF waged a paramilitary . ", The brothers, who have vowed to paint out the lettering if it reappears, said: "We will continue to fight this evil in Portadown, and we ask every town in Northern Ireland to follow our example.". Craig was killed, Tommy Lyttle was declared persona non grata and various brigadiers were removed from office, with the likes of Jackie McDonald, Joe English and Jim Gray taking their places. As a result of these attacks on 30 October 2005 the LVF announced that its units had been ordered to cease their activity and that it was disbanding. "We want no tension raised coming into the marching season. Yesterday Pastor McClinton confirmed that he had been visited by police, who warned him that he was one of five names on a murder list. In 1999, a feud broke out between the LVF and the UVF. Sources have confirmed that the Lurgan LVF has now decided to take overall control of the organisation. In a two-year period from August 1996, the LVF waged a paramilitary campaign with the stated goal of combatting Irish republicanism, but during this time it killed at least 14 people in gun and bomb attacks, almost all of them Catholic civilians. See the most commonly confused word associated with. 35,000 worksheets, games,and lesson plans, Marketplace for millions ofeducator-created resources, Spanish-English dictionary,translator, and learning. DISCLAIMER: These example sentences appear in various news sources and books to reflect the usage of the word, Chapter 5: The American Revolution, Lessons 12. [6] In the violent brawl that ensued, 12 people, including three LVF prisoners out on Christmas parole, received severe injuries. Several people were killed, including UVF commander and Portadown businessman Richard Jameson in January 2000. Loyalist transformation and the strategic environment". "Call on LVF to Disband". I'm shocked by the news".[5]. November 2000: The total number of people threatened out of their homes since the feuding began reaches 603. Dictionary.com Unabridged Harding Smith survived two separate shootings but crucially lost the support of other leading Shankill Road UDA figures and eventually left Belfast after being visited by North Belfast Brigadier Davy Payne, who warned him that he would not survive a third attack. . The UVF also shot up the Ulster Democratic Party headquarters on the Middle Shankill. Tension remains high in Portadown, and although police have refused to speculate as to who was responsible for Mr Jameson's killing, several people have been questioned in connection with the shooting. Ann Ogilbys brutal murder: Forgotten victims of the Troubles. Roy Green was killed in retaliation. May 2000: PUP worker Martin Taylor is shot dead in front of his wife in north Belfast. The list was drawn up by loyalist paramilitaries following the murder of the alleged UVF commander, Mr Richard Jameson, who was shot dead at his home near Portadown last week. [25] X. In February 2006, the Independent Monitoring Commission confirmed that the LVF-UVF feud was over but said that the LVF's involvement with organised crime and drug trafficking continued, describing it as a "deeply criminal organisation". Sinn Fin Councillor Paul Duffy has called for calm & vigilance after a group of loyalists entered the Tunnel area of Portadown last night. BBC News. March 1998: The LVF threatens protestants who collude in the peace process. Close your vocabulary gaps with personalized learning that focuses on teaching the Weeks later, Richard Jameson, the leader of the Portadown UVF, was shot outside his home. Patients should be prioritised over pay, Maxol at 'advanced stage of negotiations' to acquire new land and sites, Tughans moves its headquarters to The Ewart, Untangling the Mixed Roots of a complex past, Des Kennedy on bringing Good Vibrations back to Belfast and onwards to New York, Nuala McCann: Like the health service I'm on my knees, saying the Nun's Prayer for my sore shoulder, Fionnuala O Connor: Last coronation happened in a different world, Dean Smith not blaming James Maddison for penalty miss in Leicester-Everton draw, We're not leading Wrexham transfer plans, say Ryan Reynolds and Rob McElhenney. It was reported in the Belfast Telegraph that according to court hearings Robb had made disparaging remarks about Jameson's death. [23], In 2002, Wright's successor as LVF leader, Mark Fulton, was found hanged in Maghaberry prison. The man who killed McGoldrick said that he had planned, along with Billy Wright and Mark Fulton, to kidnap three priests from a parochial house in County Armagh and shoot them unless the march was allowed to continue. The main problems were between East Belfast chief Tommy Herron and Charles Harding Smith, his rival in the west of the city, over who controlled the movement. The shooting was condemned by local politicians, including the North's First Minister, Mr David Trimble, in whose Upper Bann constituency the murder occurred. That night, the LVF killed a Catholic doorman at a hotel outside Dungannon in County Tyrone. Adair however convinced the LVF that the latter killing was the work of one of his rivals in the UDA, Jim Gray, who the LVF then unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate. 2023 BBC. Famous Adventures And Prison Escapes of the Civil War. We also believe that having more people listen to The Economists podcasts means they will fall in love with The Economists journalism and become loyalists to the brand and lead to more subscribers. [19] Members of the DUP - including prominent member of parliament Rev. Few took the statement at face value, and it is widely thought the LVF was forced to disband to secure the UVF's agreement to a truce. [18] The hotel was owned by Catholics and about 400 teenagers were attending a disco there. . A second internal feud arose in 2002 when Johnny Adair and former politician John White were expelled from the UDA. According to the Conflict Archive on the Internet's Sutton Database, the LVF have killed 18 people,[27] which included: Two further killings of Catholics were claimed by the LVF, but the RUC believed that UDA/UFF volunteers were responsible. Your email address will not be published. Meanwhile, the dissident loyalist group the Orange Volunteers has said it is aware of the existence of a UVF death list. This had come about when Wrights unit killed a Catholic taxi-driver during the Drumcree standoff. The victim of an attempted murder has called on loyalist paramilitaries to end a feud in the County Armagh town of Portadown. To Adairs indignation even the A and B Companies of his West Belfast Brigade of the UDA declined to get involved in C Companys war with the UVF. Two Belfast brothers, known to be friendly with the UDA boss Johnny Adair, have also been targeted. In September 2005 weapons inspectors declared that the IRA had fully disarmed. The INLA strongly denied these rumours, and published a detailed account of the assassination in the March/April 1999 issue of The Starry Plough newspaper. This killing, however, was not part of a feud but instead carried out as a form of internal discipline from within the Mid-Ulster Brigade. Wright took most of the Portadown Mid-Ulster UVF with him. Video, On board the worlds last surviving turntable ferry, Yellen warns US could run out of cash in a month, Shooting suspect was deported four times - US media, Street piano confiscated as public 'break rules', MasterChef Australia host Jock Zonfrillo dies, King Charles to wear golden robes for Coronation, Photo of Princess Charlotte shared as she turns 8, More than 100 police hurt in French May Day protests, Explosion derails train in Russian border region, Banana artwork in Seoul museum eaten by visitor. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. "The crimes committed by those with historic links to the LVF included drug dealing and sporadic violence in pursuit of crime and the proceeds appeared to be for personal gain rather than for the organisation," read the commission's 20th report. In 1999, a feud broke out between the LVF and the UVF. Its members become eligible for early release, through a handing-in of a small number of weapons as part of the decommissioning process. The feud between the UVF and the LVF began as an internal feud but quickly changed when Billy Wright established the LVF as a separate organisation. A joint statement described it as a tragic accident although a subsequent UVF inquiry put the blame on Stephen Goatley and John Fulton, both UDA men. On a November night in 1974, a UVF man named Joe Shaw visited the pub for a drink. February 2000: Portadown teenagers Andrew Robb and David McIlwaine are found stabbed to death near Tandragee, Co Armagh. Two particular feuds stood out for their bloody nature. It must be stopped, and this is a visible way of doing it. Henry McDonald. The feud rumbled on for several months in 1976 with a number of people, mostly UDA members, being killed before eventually the two groups came to an uneasy truce. However, a loyalist source in Portadown said he believed the killing to be a direct response to a UVF attack on LVF supporters. The Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) is recruited by former UVF commander Billy Wright from among loyalists dissatisfied with the response to the annual stand-off at the Orange Order's Drumcree march in Portadown. Since the attack tensions had risen between the rival paramilitaries to such a degree that speculation was rife as to which senior loyalist would be targeted in retaliation for the UVF attack. Loyalist definition, a person who is loyal; a supporter of the sovereign or of the existing government, especially in time of revolt. Billy Wright was the leader of the Mid-Ulster Brigade of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF),[7] having taken over the command from Robin "the Jackal" Jackson in the early 1990s upon the latter's "retirement". . We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Armed with buckets of paint, rollers and brushes, Bobby, Johnny, David and Stuart Jameson, together with about 20 others, took to the walls of loyalist estates in the town, in an attempt to cleanse the area of LVF murals. SDLP assembly member Dolores Kelly. Cunningham, Dominic; Moloney, Eugene (3 July 1998). He had a twin brother, Stuart. September 2000: Two hundred families are intimidated out of the Shankill area of Belfast. Loyalists plan to hold a Northern Ireland Protocol protest in Portadown town centre on a Saturday afternoon. The LVF or Loyalist Volunteer Force is a Protestant paramilitary group in Northern Ireland, whose history is dominated by its former leader Billy Wright. 11-07-2011 15:41:00 ZULU, Organisations That Were Prominent During 'the Troubles'. [13] It also emerged that for several days prior to his killing, he had been working at the Ballykinlar Army base. To thwart the creation and/or implementation of any All-Ireland/All-Island political super-structure regardless of the powers vested in such institutions. [7] On the evening of 10 January 2000, Jameson returned from work and drove his Isuzu Trooper jeep into the driveway outside his home on the Derrylettiff Road near Portadown. It was generally believed that the Orange Volunteers had been effectively neutered by the RUC following a series of successful operations in Co Antrim shortly before Christmas. A UDA spokesman says it is pro-talks and supports the Good Friday Agreement - but its political wing the Ulster Democratic Party (UDP) wins no seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly. Later, it handed over a small amount of weapons to the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning. The possible involvement of the Orange Volunteers in the mid-Ulster situation will be of major concern to the North's security forces. On December 27th, 12 people were injured, two seriously, in an attack on the Portadown Football Social Club. Tipperary Tim astounding 1928 Grand National winner at 100/1 & a proud resident of Glencairn ! The jailer, a loyalist, retained his position as a civil detail, thus protecting himself and sons from conscription. Your email address will not be published. 1975: The UVF is banned again amid a spate of sectarian killings. In the brawl that developed Shaw was fatally shot. social club in which the LVF supporters were severely beaten. [10] Allegedly, the brigade also planned to drive petrol tankers into the nationalist housing estates and then ignite them. [17] They also handed over a statement: Billy Wright was executed for one reason, and one reason only, and that was for directing and waging his campaign of terror against the nationalist people from his prison cell in Long Kesh. By the end of the day nearly all those with UVF associations had been driven from the Lower Shankill. This led the Secretary of State to declare on 12 October 2001 that the government no longer recognised their ceasefire. The medicine was a great loss: there was no more within reach for rebel or loyalist. Mr David Jameson, the eldest brother, was seriously injured some years ago when an IRA bomb exploded underneath his car at his home in the town. Gun attacks link to loyalist feud. The Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) is a small Ulster loyalist paramilitary group in Northern Ireland.It was formed by Billy Wright in 1996 when he and his unit split from the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) after breaking its ceasefire. Copyright 2023 Vocabulary.com, Inc., a division of IXL Learning The Loyalist MPs have been exciting violence like this stirring up . A loyalist feud refers to any of the sporadic feuds which have erupted almost routinely between Northern Ireland's various loyalist paramilitary groups during and after the ethno-political conflict known as the Troubles broke out in 1969. From these former UVF members the LVF obtained the gun with which to shoot Jameson. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. 16 January 2000[. [2] Immediately after his death, his family began an anti-drug campaign in Portadown by putting up posters and handing out leaflets to passing motorists.[14]. The LVF was also thought to be responsible for the killing of Gerry Devlin, a 36-year-old Catholic man who was shot in North Belfast on 05 December 1997. In January 1997, Wright was jailed for threatening to kill a woman if she gave evidence against a number of LVF members. This term is often used during times of upheaval in various countries, to talk about those who remain loyal to an established government. Billy Wright set up the Loyalist Volunteer Force, DUP MP William McCrea shared a platform with Billy Wright, Billy Wright's successor as LVF leader, Mark Fulton (right), was found hanged in prison, On board the worlds last surviving turntable ferry. There was a standoff at Drumcree Church between thousands of Orangemen and their supporters on one side, and the security forces on the other. The victim of the shooting in Co Down on Monday night has been named formally as 54-year-old Malcolm McKeown, a well-known career criminal with loyalist paramilitary connections. Wright's successor as LVF leader, Mark Fulton, was found hanged in Maghaberry prison in 2002. Violence also spread to North Belfast, where members of the UVFs Mount Vernon unit shot and killed a UDA member, David Greer, in the Tigers Bay area, sparking a series of killings in that part of the city. Several people were killed, including UVF commander and Portadown businessman Richard Jameson in January 2000. [11] In June 1997 the Secretary of State proscribed the Volunteer Force. The views and opinions expressed in this page and documentaries are soley intended to educate and provide background information to those interested in the Troubles of Northern Ireland. The last victims were John Grug Gregg (noted for a failed attempt on the life of Gerry Adams) and Robert Carson, another Loyalist. "UVF man's family in anti-drugs campaign". An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Dissident loyalist figures in the Portadown area went to ground shortly after the murder of Richard Jameson on Monday evening Adair waited until the bulk of the parade of UDA men had made its way up into the heart of the Shankill before initiating the provocative gesture. This page is not available in other languages. The Mid-Ulster Brigade's commander at the time, Billy Wright, was expelled from the UVF. [7] A month after Jameson's killing, two Protestant teenagers, Andrew Robb (19) and David McIlwaine (18), were savagely beaten and repeatedly stabbed to death in a country lane outside Tandragee, County Armagh by a local UVF gang. The victim, named locally as Mr Richard Jameson (46), a roofing contractor, was married with three teenage children. Shaw refused, and the UDA men left, but they returned a short while later with a shotgun, determined to close the pub down. The Orange Volunteers condemned the death threats but at the same time announced it would be supporting the LVF in any mid-Ulster feud. The LVF members swore revenge and on 10 January 2000 they took it by shooting Jameson dead on the outskirts of Portadown. These went on intermittently until the LVF disbanded in 2005. [14][15] There he demanded a separate wing for the LVF prisoners. The protocol protests since have mostly been held in loyalist areas. His boss, who he admires, is waiting to meet with him about the big project. The homes of Gusty Spence and another senior PUP member are among 14 damaged during disturbances in the north and west of Belfast and in the towns of Larne, Carrickfergus and Ballymena in County Antrim. January 2000: UVF Portadown commander Richard Jameson is shot dead. Most of its violence was "more criminal than paramilitary" in nature. Can a TU advance my career like a traditional university can? [2] Jameson was a member of the Orange Order's Drumherriff Star of Erin LOL 8 Portadown district. But aside from these exceptions Adairs attempt to ignite a full-scale war between the two organisations failed, as both the UVF and UDA leaderships moved decisively to contain the trouble within the Shankill area, where hundreds of families had been displaced, and focused on dealing with its source as well as its containment. Confident of his own power base in and around his hometown of Portadown, Wright set up his own militia, calling it the Loyalist Volunteer Force. Ms Kelly added that allegations of two tier policing "were found to have no foundation but such claims damage confidence". Since then, the LVF has been largely inactive, but its members are believed to have been . C Company then went on the rampage in the Lower Shankill, attacking the houses of known UVF members and their families, including the home of veteran UVF leader Gusty Spence, and evicting the inhabitants at gunpoint as they wrecked and stole property and set fire to homes. Herron was killed in September 1973 in an attack that remains unsolved. 1978: The Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) is founded in the Shankill Road area of Belfast - with links to the UVF. Simmering tensions boiled over in a December 1999 incident involving LVF members and UVF Mid-Ulster brigadier Richard Jameson and his men at the Portadown F.C. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. He is one of a. The loyalist forces now scoured the insurgent districts, and it was found impossible to prevent many excesses from taking place. Jameson, a local commander of the outlawed loyalist paramilitary Ulster Volunteer Force, was shot from close range as he arrived home on Monday night. The UDA retaliated in East Belfast by attempting to kill UVF leader Ken Gibson who in turn ordered the UDAs headquarters in the east of the city to be blown up, although this attack also failed. The West Belfast Brigade of the Ulster Defence Association, whose brigadier Johnny Adair was close to the LVF, briefly became involved in the feud after Adair attended Andrew Robb's funeral and joined LVF members at the Drumcree conflict. The Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) is a small Ulster loyalist paramilitary group in Northern Ireland. The Portadown event is set to take place at 3pm on Saturday June 5. [13], Although behind many activities in the Mid-Ulster area centred on the Lurgan/Portadown area including many attacks on civilians, Wright was finally charged with menacing behaviour and sentenced to eight years at the Maze prison. Fears of retaliation are growing since Mr Jameson's brothers obliterated LVF murals on Saturday. Andrew Robb (19) and David McIlwaine (18), BBC News "'No revenge' plea as UVF man buried". The group threw bottles and stones and chanted pro UVF slogans. Education has a key role to play in unlocking the potential of AI, Technological Universities: 9 popular areas of study, Technological universities offer alternative path, TUS signifies the beginning of a journey in higher education, Ammi Burke returns to High Court for hearing on claim of unfair dismissal from law firm, New town north of Drogheda under way to cater for population of more than 21,000, This has been a game-changer for me: how a room in the garden can transform your family life, Ken Early: Ridiculous game at Anfield leaves everyone looking foolish, Forget carrots, tomatoes, peppers: Here are the best vegetables to grow, Higher Options and Worldskills Ireland events to run side-by-side in RDS next September. Although denied by the organization, The resulting activity led to the deaths of at least four people, all associated with the LVF. [4] The units of the Mid-Ulster Brigade that remained loyal to the Brigade Staff continued to operate and Jameson became commander. Throughout the terrible events of 1789 Mirabeau was consistent as a loyalist and as a patriot. But Assad loyalist strongholds and natural advantages in the surrounding mountains, can they take it? In May 1998 it called a ceasefire and urged people to vote no in the referendum on the Agreement. The UVF responded by blowing up the UDP headquarters on the Middle Shankill. Within hours of the killing, the UVF Brigade Staff convened an emergency meeting at "the Eagle", their headquarters on the Shankill Road, where they compiled a list of all those they believed had been involved in Jameson's death and planned their retaliation against the LVF. BBC News. Statistical breakdown of deaths in the Troubles of Northern Ireland 1969 2001, Irish National Liberation Army ( I.N.L.A ), Irish Republican Army. To end all forms of Irish interference in Ulster's internal affairs. It was formed by Billy Wright in 1996 when he and his Portadown unit split from the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) after breaking the group's ceasefire. In May 1998, the LVF called a ceasefire and urged people to vote no in the referendum on the Good Friday Agreement. In the immediate aftermath members of Jameson's family were filmed angrily defacing LVF murals in Portadown. This was followed by another pub fight in North Belfast in March and this time the UVF members returned armed and shot and killed both Goatley and Fulton, who had been involved in the earlier fight. The UDA, the largest of the loyalist paramilitary groups, has seen a number of internal struggles within its history. The operation was undertaken by three INLA volunteers Christopher "Crip" McWilliams, John Glennon and John Kennaway armed with two pistols. With antagonism grown another man was killed in a drunken brawl on 21 February 1975, this time the UDAs Robert Thompson. Although Wright had been expelled from the UVF, threatened with execution and an order to leave Northern Ireland, which he defied, the feud was largely contained during his life and the two major eruptions came after his death. Despite its leader's imprisonment, the LVF continued with its campaign of murder and terror, primarily against Catholic civilians. Sixteen shots are fired into a house on Amblseside Street next door to the family home of senior PUP politician Billy Hutchinson. [1] Jameson was buried in the adjacent churchyard. When it happened skirmishes broke out between UVF men who had been standing outside the Rex watching the procession and the group involved in unfurling the contentious flag, which had been discreetly concealed near the tail end of the parade. In response to the standoff, Wright's brigade planned to take action. See more. December 1997: Billy Wright is murdered in the Maze Prison by the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA). Mr Bobby Jameson said: "The LVF isn't a loyalist organisation, it's a drug organisation, creating misery in Portadown. In July 2005 the feud came to a conclusion as the UVF made a final move against its rival organisation. [11] After the UVF tracked Jameson's killer down to the Oldpark area of Belfast and attempted to shoot him he was taken away under the protection of the West Belfast Brigade. Click for a side-by-side comparison of meanings. Timeline of Ulster Defence Association actions, Timeline of Ulster Volunteer Force actions, Timeline of Loyalist Volunteer Force actions. These psychos were obviously baying for blood Mod blood, to be exact. The shooting happened shortly after 7 p.m. and is believed to be linked to a loyalist feud involving the UVF and LVF. Beyond this the UVF has largely avoided violent internal strife, with only two killings that can be described as being part of an internal feud taking place on Belfasts Shankill Road in late November 1975, with Archibald Waller and Noel Shaw being the two men killed. On 15 July 1997, 18-year-old Catholic Bernadette Martin was shot in the head while she was sleeping in the home of her Protestant boyfriend. However with confirmed in overall control of the UDA Harding Smith initially remained silent until in 1974 he declared that the West Belfast brigade of the movement was splitting from the mainstream UDA on the pretext of a visit to Libya organised by Tyrie in a failed attempt to procure arms from Colonel Qadaffi. Loyalist's Bliaud is an item level 40 body and can be used by Disciple of magic. The UDAs Johnny Adair supported the LVF and used the feud to stoke up the troubles that eventually flared in his feud with the UVF later that year. THE discovery of the bodies of two young men near Tandragee in Co Armagh yesterday has fuelled fears that Loyalist factions are poised for a bloody round of score settling. Instead of. It is believed he committed suicide. [1] A former reservist in the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) (1973-1981), he worked as a manager in the Jameson Group, a building firm which was a family-owned business. The use of the Ulster conflict as a crucible for far-reaching, fundamental and decisive change in the United Kingdom constitution. Mr Trimble said he was shocked by the news of the killing and said it was what the people of the North thought they had left behind. Jackie Coulter, a senior Ulster Defence Association member, and Bobby Mahood are shot dead outside a bookmakers on the Crumlin Road in north Belfast. He survived but sustained very serious leg injuries. As TV networks like Discovery and NBCUniversal stand up standalone streaming services, pay-TV loyalists may reconsider their subscriptions. Provos in crisis talks to try to restrain hardliners, Air services to return to normal after strike deal, "Election '97: Voters dream of day when hope and history rhyme", http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19970423/ai_n14113046, "English fascists to join loyalists at Drumcree", http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2000/jul/02/northernireland.race, Killer of Rosemary Nelson named; Loyalist Mark Fulton is revealed as, CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths: Organisation responsible for the death, http://www.anphoblacht.com/news/detail/28464, "Mowlam calls for calm as Ulster looks into the abyss", http://www.independent.co.uk/news/mowlam-calls-for-calm-as-ulster-looks-into-the-abyss-1291003.html, "Cross-border alert as LVF threatens further attacks", http://www.independent.ie/national-news/blair-damps-fires-of-hate-437811.html, http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199807150003, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, August 1996 October 2005 (on ceasefire since May 1998), Irish republicans, Irish nationalists, rival loyalists. Many members of the 2nd Battalion Shankill Road West Belfast Brigade, commonly known as C Company, stood by Adair and White, while the rest of the organisation were involved with attacks on these groups and vice versa. May 1998: The LVF declares an "unequivocal" ceasefire to encourage people to vote No in the referendum on the Good Friday Agreement. [8] On 7 July, a day into the standoff, volunteers in Wright's brigade[8][9] shot dead Catholic taxi driver Michael McGoldrick near Aghagallon. To restore Ulster's right to self-determination. VideoOn board the worlds last surviving turntable ferry, Indian officials wife distraught as his killer is freed, I didnt think make-up was made for black girls, Why there is serious money in kitchen fumes.

Was Bobby Hatfield Ever Married, Brian Mogg Golf Academy, Christopher Jones Sharon Tate, Why Were Australian Soldiers Feared, Articles L