Home Secretary David Maxwell-Fyfe requested the coroners inquest remain secret, citing national security. During 1942, the RAF in Egypt needed more combat aircraft of all sorts, as most of the bomber aircraft at the time were of the older types. Control and reporting post at Portreath, 2 March 2009. (time was approx. Its radar (housed in a fibre glass or golf ball protective dome) provides long-range coverage of the south western approaches to the UK. Called RAF Portreath, the base was built during 1940, opened in March 1941 and had a varied career during World War II, initially as a Fighter Command station, from October 1941 as a ferry stop-over for aircraft bound to/from North Africa and the Middle East, as a temporary stop-over for USAAF and RCAF units, and then as a Coastal Command station. to -, Runways: WW2/1944: 01/19 1234x46 hard 10/28 1646x46 hard Close to the cliff edge four specially excavated pits each 2 metres in depth were excavated and filled with waste chemicals from the factory. It has a coastal location at Nancekuke Common, approximately 1.25 kilometres (0.78mi) north east of the village of Portreath in Cornwall, England. Production of VX agent was intended mainly for laboratory test purposes, but also to validate plant designs and optimise chemical processes for potential mass-production. The trouble, I now realise, with producing a Guide to British flying sites, is that sooner or later it is required to gain an understanding of international affairs. No. The site was taken over by the Ministry of Supply and renamed CDE Nancekuke. A Type 101 Radar at Portreath, 2 March 2009. The generator is still tested once a month. The first plans for a CRP in the West Country covering the East Atlantic approaches were drawn up in 1974. It really is too silly.. Military users: WW2: RAF Fighter Command 10 Group (Sector station) 130 (Punjab), 152 (Hyderbad) & 234 Sqdns (Vickers-Supermarine Spitfires) 276 (ASR) Sqdn (Spitfire & Supermarine Walrus & Sea Otters) . Seems to make sense? A new, remote location was therefore sought and the abandoned coastal airfield at Portreath in the sparsely populated area of the Cornish peninsula was considered ideal. In May 1943, P-47s of the 78th Fighter Group, based at Duxford, used Portreath as a forward base to escort bombing raids against Brest and other French western ports. Library contains an ever growing number diary entries, personal letters and other documents, most transcribed into plain text. An integral lookout tower at the back of the building has been retained and incorporated into the conversion. RAF Portreath is still operational as a Reporting Post with a remote radar head within the UK Surveillance and Control System (UK ASACS) which provides up to date information on air activity required to defend the UK and NATO. These shelters are all in good dry condition and some are even lit. The problem with landfill is that what goes under the ground inevitably comes out in the water. The Sector Operations still stands on Tregea Hill close to a new residential development and on the east side of the prominent Victorian incline that brought a branch of the Hayle Railway into Portreath. 1 Overseas Aircraft Despatch Unit RAF, Improved United Kingdom Air Defence Ground Environment, "Defence Estates Development Plan 2009 Annex A", "Freedom of Information Request (Ministry of Defence) 2016/02644", Subterranea Britannica Portreath Reporting Post, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RRH_Portreath&oldid=1085144507, This page was last edited on 28 April 2022, at 17:49. [23] It was alleged by The Independent that toxic materials had been dumped in nearby mineshafts. At the time, this was considered to be an environmentally acceptable procedure. Nance Wood, 1 mile (1. . Some of the foritifications are still standing to this day. Inside main entranceRAF PortreathTolticken HillPortreathKerrierCornwallEnglandOS Grid Ref: SW 673 455Denomination: Undefined. At present no image of this war memorial is available for online display. CH18219.jpg. All Rights Reserved | Terms & Conditions | Privacy Policy. Sign up for our monthly Hidden History newsletter for more great stories of the unsung humans who shaped our world. This was their second flight as part of Operation Elaborate in 1943 whereby large gliders were towed from the UK to North Africa to help support the invasion of Italy etc. The United Kingdoms investigations into the military possibilities of organophosphorous compounds received an enormous post-war impetus from the stockpile of captured German nerve agent and research documents concerning Tabun and Sarin. (Still operational in 1985) The few locals weren't bound to ask many questions . During this period it produced sufficient Sarin (GB) to prove the process and to meet the requirements for assessment trials and the testing of defensive equipment under development at Porton Down. To the south of the harbour, and on the west side of the valley, are the remains of the old cable-worked incline that linked the harbour to the mainline at Carn Brea. (The Scottish island of Gruinard became so saturated with weaponized anthrax during World War II field tests that it remained uninhabitable for decades.) Built during 1940-41 as an RAF fighter station, Portreath was unusual in having straightaway four tarmac-surface hard runways, with double blast pens dispersed around the perimeter track. S E Alcock (English) pilot. Mothballed after the war, RAF Portreath was secluded and close to the sea, which was convenient for waste disposal. The information within the RAP is used by the Air Defence Commander when deciding whether to investigate or perhaps even destroy an aircraft flying in an area without permission. In addition to those found at the CRCs, the locations of these RPs reflects the locations of the RAFs main Air Defence radars that feed information into the UK ASACS. Jim Peacock had previously turned his (gun) turret to starboard and came out with his parachute. 277 (ASR) Sqdn*, No: 1 Overseas Aircraft Despatch Unit (44 Group). The names on this list have been submitted by relatives, friends, neighbours and others who wish to remember them, if you have any names to add or any recollections or photos of those listed, Terry Alderson, who like Maddison was another volunteer around that same time, later furiously described the lies told to him: It was Russian roulette. We place some essential cookies on your device to make this website work. Below the SOCs in the hierarchy of control were the Control and Reporting Centres or Posts (CRCs were underground and CRPs were on the surface) with display consoles identical to those at the SOCs. [22], In 2000 it was reported that former workers at the Nancekuke base had died as a result of exposure to nerve gas, and the matter was raised in the Houses of Parliament. It has a. Gobby 29,660 | XII Senior Commander Private Message Follow User About RAF Portreath - EXPR 277 SQUADRON West of the harbour entrance and breakwater are two sandy beaches that are popular with holidaymakers, surfers and naturists. photographs, documents or items from the First or Second World War, please do not destroy them. AIR 28/2407. Few know that it hides one of Britains darkest secrets. The base reverted to its local name Nancekuke and became an outstation of Chemical Defence Establishment (CDE) Porton Down. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s. In 1969 it was reported that hundreds of animals died around Nancekuke without any explanation. This opens onto a lobby with a turnstile ahead and a police picquet room to the left. The story of RAF Portreath during the Second World War. The Ministry of Supply used a compulsory purchase order to requisition much of his land to form part of the new complex. It must have seemed to him quite bizarre that our allegiance was with the USA, (who didnt support us for some time in WW2 until it suited them), on the other side of the Atlantic, and of course, historically a sworn enemy of the British Empire. However, in the early stages of the proceedings, his filed records vanished. Richard Flagg, Control and reporting post at Portreath, 2 March 2009. The recent use of sarin by Syrias President Bashar al-Assad has again brought chemical weapons into the spotlight. If you don't have an account please register. You will need a reader's ticket to do this. Although data is sent and used by the UK's Control and Reporting centres, Portreath's parent station was RAF St. Mawgan for administration. Your favorite Narratively stories, read aloud. You need to sign in to tag. Please check back as we are adding more names to the database. Since passing his GFT for a Private Pilots License on the 30th June 1989 in the Cessna 152 G-WACB at Wycombe Air Park, the gates of opportunity opened and he has, for example, flown an aircraft in every country in western Europe registered in each country. At that time there was virtually no public knowledge of the work and the non-scientific workers employed to build the plant were not told of its intended use. Come 1950, Churchills keen desire for an independent British chemical weapons capability was largely inspired by intelligence reports showing the Soviets were developing their own. He doesn't say if all these flights departed from PORTREATH, but his two departures were from here - the first without incident. Even today some files remain classified. [4], Portreath lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). WAS EVERYBODY 'ON SIDE'? It appears the Mk.VIs acted as fighter escorts for the Mk.VIIIs. Have you found an error with this catalogue description? Sign up for our monthly Hidden History newsletter for more great stories of the unsung humans who shaped our world. Please ensure the tag is appropriate for the record. This is an example of the content for a specific image in the Nivo slider. [6], The name Portreath (meaning "sandy cove") was first recorded in 1485, and tin streaming in the valley was recorded from 1602. Drawing from a wide range of wartime documents from the RAF . However, the production of the RAP is only one part of the CRCs duties, the second being the control of aircraft. If you have anything to add to this project or would like to share your own experiances please get in touch with Dick or feel free to post a comment. But Griffiths did file a lawsuit. Date: 7 March 1941 - circa 1950. 248 Sqdn (Mosquitos) Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! This shows what liars [the MOD] were nobody volunteered for these tests, we were sent in there like sheep.. The plant also produced several other chemical weapons like VX, Soman and Cyclosarin. A compilation of film clips taken in 1941 and 1942 at RAF Portreath show Ventura bombers preparing to take off for a bombing mission in France and a range of. And that includes a Robin DR.40 3A-MKQ from Cannes registered in Monaco. The Day My Therapist Dared Me to Have Sex With Her, The Fastest Formerly Blind Biker Babe in Wichita. More worryingly, two deep, long-abandoned tin mine shafts within the factory perimeter were used to dump surplus equipment from the Sutton Oak research establishment at the time that its function was transferred to Nancekuke. Portreath (Cornish: Porthtreth or Porth Treth) is a civil parish, village and fishing port on the north coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. They Told Her to Free the Slaves. He immediately noticed a single drop of liquid hanging from a flange. She Spoke to the Dead. Another aspect of his involvement with aviation was moving light aircraft in a specialised truck for over twenty five years. The government discussed Nancekuke only when forced to, continually restricting public and press knowledge. The inscription is at the centre. Previously known as RAF Portreath, the station was built during 1940, opened in March 1941 and had a varied career during the Second World War, initially as a RAF Fighter Command station, from October 1941 as a ferry stop-over for aircraft bound to/from North Africa and the Middle East,[2] as a temporary stop-over for United States Army Air Forces and Royal Canadian Air Force units, and then as a RAF Coastal Command station. By the end of the war, it had run down and in May 1950 was handed back to the government by the RAF. Note: The first two pictures are by the author and taken through perspex. Registered Company No. At the back of the workshop is a corridor into the 1992 extension to the bunker which incorporates a number of rooms including the buffer power supply room which still retains its power smoothing machinery. The CDE buildings were demolished in 1979-1980, and the RAF re-opened the site as a manned radar station in October 1980, a Control and Reporting Post (CRP) for UK Air Surveillance. This site is also discussed in the following issues of our members' magazine: Written by Nick Catford on 02 March 2007. But the British government itself hasnt always been quite so ethical. S. Pratt (N.Z.) New mobile radar systems manufactured by Marconi Electronic Systems, including an S723 Martello (RAF Type 91), and telecommunication installations were added during the mid-1980s. Separately, in early 2017, the village was looking to be a hedgehog-friendly village. The UK air defence region was divided between North and South controlled from SOCs at Buchan (north of Aberdeen) and Neatishead (Norfolk) with Ash acting as a training unit and capable of taking over from either one of the SOCs in the event of an emergency. A brief history of our most famous British aerobatic team. The quay was extended and the inner basin constructed in 1846; New Dock, now known as Little Beach, was constructed in the 1860s.[9]. In 1986 an underground CRP was built as part of the new UKADGE (United Kingdom Air Defence and Ground Environment) project. Also, what was the reason for building the unusual fourth and off-set 15/33 runway? It was alleged by the Independent that toxic materials had been dumped in nearby mineshafts [2]. Drawing from a wide range of wartime documents from the RAF . The bunker is semi sunken with an open front and earth cover to the rear with protruding intake and exhaust ventilation shafts. This comprehensive account is more than the traditional history of an RAF base as it sets the aerodrome in its context in the local community and records how the war impacted the village of Portreath and the neighbouring hamlets. The United Kingdom Air Operations Centre (UKCAOC) is situated within Headquarters Strike Command at RAF High Wycombe. Manufacture of the nerve agent Sarin in a pilot production facility commenced there in the early 1950s, producing about 20 tons of the nerve agent from 1954 until 1956. Before work on the site could be started the Type 84 was deleted from the national plan and the CAA station was never built. [7] The harbour we see today was started in 1760 to service the expanding ore industry in the Camborne and Redruth area. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.mod.uk:80/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/WhatWeDo/DefenceEstateandEnvironment/Nancekuke/, RAF Portreath - Reporting Post within the UK Surveillance and Control System (UK ASACS), Pages using infobox military installation with unknown parameters, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Military of the United Kingdom in Cornwall, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Over the years there have been senior government ministers that were never told about the site. Both the main personnel entrance and the plant entrance/emergency exit are located at the front of the bunker. All the crew came out through the astrodome, Graham Fyfe minus one flying boot and his false teeth. The village is about three miles (5km) northwest of Redruth. Or, you can request a quotation for a copy to be sent to you. [7] The quay was destroyed by the sea before 1749, and the foundations are occasionally seen when the sea washes away the sand. After fighter interceptors had been scrambled, control and reporting centres might assume the tactical control of the fighters. Object number: US_7PH_GP_LOC213_RS_4062 - See how this entry relates to other items in the archive by exploring the connections below. It is situated at Nancekuke Common on the clifftops to the north of Portreath beach and southwest of Porthtowan in Cornwall. The peak of this enterprise was around 1840, when some 100,000 tons of copper ore were shipped out each year. If you can provide any additional information, please add it here. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. He doesn't say if all these flights departed from PORTREATH, but his two departures were from here - the first without incident. King's Colour Squadron. If the information here has been helpful or you have enjoyed reaching the stories please conside making a donation, no matter how small, would be much appreciated, annually we need to raise enough funds to pay for our web hosting or this site will vanish from the web. Throughout attempting to produce this Guide it has been quite a task to try and distil something reasonably accurate from the vast amount of information available. Secrecy laws prevented him from discussing Nancekuke, even with doctors, and in 1971 he applied for a disability pension. This record has not been digitised and cannot be downloaded. Registered Charity No (England and Wales): 1156877. The SOC saw little use during WW2 opening in July 1943 to replace the earlier SOC at Tehidy Barton Farm. I lived near this airfield ("the "drome") in Cornwall, the southernmost airfield in the country and thus a refuelling stop before a long flight over the Bay of Biscay to Gibraltar . Any potential whistle-blowers knew they faced prosecution under the Official Secrets Act. The Hollywood HIV Doctor Who Was Secretly Peddling Eternal Youth. These Reporting Posts are located at: RP Portreath which is a satellite of RAF St Mawgan, RAF Staxton Wold and RAF Benbecula in the Hebrides. All Rights Reserved. The RAF re-opened parts of the site as a manned radar station in October 1980, a Control and Reporting Post (CRP) for UK Air Surveillance. They had been briefed that if attacked the glider had to detach itself as the Halifax could not manoeuvre whilst towing. Called RAF Portreath, the base was built during 1940, opened in . RRH Portreath is a Remote Radar Head operated by the Royal Air Force. News links are simple bullet lists. The squadron operated both the Mk.VI and Mk.VIII types, the latter being armed with a 57 mm cannon adapted from an anti-tank weapon, and apparently quite capable of piercing a U-boat hull. His death was immediately covered up. The Wartime Memories Project is a non profit organisation run by volunteers. Currently, in the United Kingdom, the problems of serious ground and water contamination from buried military waste are having to be addressed. Used by the RAF during 1941-45 as a fighter, ferry, maritime and ASR base, the station was allocated briefly to the Eighth Air Force as a potential fighter base during August-September 1942, but never had any resident groups or squadrons. Carrying 350 tons, she was built for the coast trade between Cardiff and Plymouth. Reading between the lines they have got away with murder. I have no idea if all these types saw service with the detachment here? 2 OADU at RAF St. Mawgan in September 1945; the Briefing School left on 8th October and Air Traffic Control ceased on the following day. Sarin was quickly identified as the most suitable agent for the UK services and by 1950 development was sufficiently advanced for limited production to begin. Richard Flagg, Picket Post at Portreath, 2 March 2009. Called RAF Portreath, the base was built during 1940, opened in March 1941 and had a varied career during World War II, initially as a Fighter . Find out how to, More about listing and the protection of historic places can be found on the. The route of . Perhaps incredibly they were rescued by a Royal Navy ship, (part of a flotilla searching for U-boats),and they were taken back to Plymouth. A team of international inspectors oversaw the decommissioning process and the site is still open to inspection by members of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). Barry Anderson, Army Air Forces Stations (Alabama, 1985) / Chris Ashworth, Action Stations 5: Military Airfields of the South-West (Cambridge, 1982), http://www.subbrit.org.uk/rsg/sites/p/portreath/index.html, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRH_Portreath. From 1978 to 1981, some buildings on the site were used by Pattern Recognition Munitions for small arms ammunition development. I suppose the changing of name was mostly an act of political expediency, but it seems to follow that many in the establishment were inclined to keep to long established traditional allegiances? Feel free to contact us using the information below, or click the "Contact Us" link in the menu on the left. I Just Had Sex in the Back Seat of a Car. 130 (Punjab),152 (Hyderbad) & 234Sqdns (Vickers-Supermarine Spitfires), 276 (ASR) Sqdn (Spitfire & Supermarine Walrus & Sea Otters) 08940364. - Aerial photograph of Portreath airfield looking south, the main runway runs horizontally, 12 July 1946. However, later on I discovered information which seems authentic (?) In early May, Bristol Blenheim light bombers arrived at Portreath and their airfield was used as an advanced base for raids on France, although the main runway was only just long enough for a heavily loaded Blenheim. On the airfield one runway remains active and this is used occasionally by Royal Air Force and Royal Navy helicopters. As Nancekuke became increasingly exposed, pressure to close it grew, and it was shut down in 1980. A Squash Court at Portreath, 2 March 2009. The bunker is set into the side of a small valley on the south side of the airfield and is not visible from outside the perimeter fence. 263 Squadron was the first to arrive at Portreath, providing defence for the Western Approaches with the Westland Whirlwind Mk 1 fighter; they were soon replaced by Spitfires as Portreath took an active role as a fighter station. His last flight was on 20 October 1942, and total operational hours with the squadron are recorded as 256.15 Most of the flights were over North Africa, except for one over Crete. The UK ASACS is a highly sophisticated computer-based system which gathers and disseminates information on all aircraft flying in and around the UK Air Defence Region - this is known as the Recognized Air Picture (RAP). Courtesy ofGlen Cromar, 2023 ABCT All rights reserved. Alongside the humanitarian ASR tasks taking place here, the Mosquitos of 248 Squadron, based here from January 1944, were employed on the offensive to attack shipping and U-boats in the Bay of Biscay. Beyond this is the BT frame room and then steps down to the lower plant and domestic areas. RRH Portreath is a Remote Radar Head operated by the Royal Air Force. 11.45 a.m.) After crawling away from the aircraft they only went about 50 yards and then the plane exploded and ammunition was flying all around. Note: 82 Squadron, with their Bristol Blenheims were briefly based here. The Comcen is on the right with its data transmitters relaying the data from the radar to the CRCs at Boulmer and Scampton. Years later, ambulance driver Alfred Thornhill described his trip to the hospital with Maddison: His whole body was convulsing I saw his leg rise up from the bed and I saw his skin begin turning blue. (previous page) 23 Portreath.JPG. Its radar (housed in a fibre glass or golf ball protective dome) provides long-range coverage of the south western approaches to the UK. Still, local farmer Ernest Landry didnt share the governments enthusiasm for the bases choice location. Registered Office: Suite 1, 3rd Floor, 11-12 St. James Square, London, SW1Y 4LB Called RAF Portreath, the base was built during 1940, opened in March 1941 and had a varied career during the Second World War, initially as a RAF Fighter Command station, from October 1941 as a ferry stop-over for aircraft bound to/from North Africa and the Middle East, as a temporary stop-over for USAAF and RCAF units, and then as a Coastal Command station. Description: RAF Portreath. These are of a unique design, internally similar to the Stanton shelter generally found at airfields with a walk in entrance down steps at either end leading to a single room about 25 feet in length. This comprehensive account is more than the traditional history of an RAF base as it sets the aerodrome in its context in the local community and records how the war impacted the village of Portreath and the neighbouring hamlets. Current Status: RAF radar station. 20th Apr 2023 - Please note we currently have a huge backlog of submitted material, our volunteers are working through this as quickly as possible and all names, stories and photos will be added to the site. Prior to this, the Sector Station had been at St. Eval. It now seems to me that the very important, in fact critical work of the squadrons assigned to the task of attacking marine targets in the Bay of Biscay and the German installations, especially the U-boat pens, has for some strange reason become somewhat ignored. Discovering our aviation history, and double listings. I asked the witness afterwards what he thought about it. For example, winning the Battle of the Atlantic was far more important to the survival of the UK than winning the side-show Battle of Britain over the south-east of England. In December 1945 the station was reduced to Care and Maintenance transferring to Technical Training Command in May 1946 for use by 7 (Polish) Resettlement Unit. A bit late in the day for me of course, but I do find the subject increasingly fascinating. The UK ASACS has two operational Control and Reporting Centres (CRCs) based at RAF Scampton in Lincolnshire and at RAF Boulmer in Northumberland. But if they were going to manufacture chemical weapons of their own, the Brits needed a safe, remote location to do so, someplace where, if the worst should happen, there would be the fewest possible casualties. Enter the tag you would like to associate with this record and click 'Add tag'. Works to cleanse the site began in 2003 [3]. It is also now well known (alledgedly) that all major advances in aviation after WW2, produced by the best peoplein the UK, was given free of charge to the Americans. Once implemented the system was somewhat different incorporating three elements; fixed Sector Operations Centres, Control and Reporting Centres, and mobile radars. But they were never unleashed in battle, partly because Churchills cabinet feared equal retaliation from Hitler. According to declassified British documents disclosed in a 2001 TV documentary, Nancekuke would, in Churchills mind, evolve from a small pilot facility into a mass producer of sarin. Help us to tell the stories that deserve to be told, by contributing information to the archive. Nancekuke never employed more than 200 workers at any time. Find an airfield by clicking the appropriate letter above, Portreath Aerodrome / RAF Portreath / RRH Portreath / USAAF Station 504. Between 1950 and 1969, nine died there, and numerous others like Tom Griffiths developed permanent health problems. Rhubarb - pairs of aircraft assigned to hit a designated target. [29], No. NOTES: To any student of WW2 aerodromes this is a beauty. Nancekuke became an important factory for stockpiling the UK's Chemical Defences during the Cold War. During 1944, USAAF use of the station was reduced to convenience and emergencies only, although it remained operational as a multi-role RAF station until the airfield closed in October 1945. Portreath remained busy during the build up to D-Day when 248 Squadron equipped with Mosquito VIs mounted five separate missions. Also known as: Portreath Aerodrome / RAF Portreath / RRH Portreath / USAAF Station 504. W. Robinson (N.Z.) Many of the buildings have been refurbished as light industrial and retail units while a few are now in residential use. Manufacture of the nerve agent Sarin commenced there in the early 1950s, and Nancekuke became an important factory for stockpiling the UK's Chemical Defences during the Cold War. Photograph taken by No. But with the Cold War in full swing, the British military was still developing weapons, including weapons of mass destruction. The air conditioning plant room is next on the right and is still fully functioning although at a reduced capacity. [8][9] The village also had a fishing fleet, mainly for pilchards. Richard Flagg, A Yarnold Sangar Pillbox at Portreath, 2 March 2009. Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust is registered in England and Wales. . - RAF Portreath during the Second World War -. Add a Name to this List. Why? The lab was virtually demolished; some equipment was buried onsite, and the rest dumped in mineshafts. It was as good a place as any. If you have a general question please post it on our Facebook page. In 1976, a defence review recommended the transfer of remaining work to CDE Porton Down, and the decision to begin decommissioning CDE Nancekuke was taken. RAF Portreath became the Chemical Defense Establishment, Nancekuke. The factory enabled scientists to improve their production process and technology, and between 1954 and 1956, Nancecukes pilot plant produced 20 tons of sarin. It started from the ankle and started spreading up his leg. Thornhill said the effects seemed to mirror those of an electrocution. In addition to this radar data, the CRCs also exchange information using digital data-links with neighbouring NATO partners, AEW aircraft and ships. One site was an old quarry some 40 or 50 feet in depth, this was filled with rubble and steelwork from the demolished factory along with similar material from surviving Second World War airfield buildings that had been reused for chemical purposes. Numerous Bolshevik-held villages were bombed by British aircraft, and Churchills fondness for gas didnt stop there.

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