B. Tauris, pp. This article evaluates whether Lawrence Venuti's translation approach of "foreignisation" is likely to achieve his stated go al: translations that can resist cultural dominance. Good stuff. The Island of Borneo evokes a powerful exoticism. An abundance of colors, sounds, smells, and tactile experiences promise to gratify the senses within an economy that gives free rein to consumption, unrestrained by political responsibility and ethical commitment to the real actors of exotic fantasies: that is, it disregards the role of disadvantaged people, coming mainly from third-world nations, who make a meager living from appearing in the dramatized fantasies staged in tropical holiday resorts and nightclubs. In contrast to other scholars, who harshly criticise certain world cinema filmmakers for becoming complicit in Western cross-cultural modes of representation, such as exoticism and Orientalism, when making films about their own cultures, Chow regards it as the inevitable consequence of bearing the memory of past objecthood the experience of being looked at which lives on in the subjective act of ethnographizing like an other, an optical unconscious (Chow, 1995: 180). You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Fantasy, mans capacity to give to airy nothing a local habitation and a name, has long intrigued poets, playwrights, and painters, ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. In A. Langer (Ed. In: Charles, Forsdick and David, Murphy, eds., Francophone Postcolonial Studies: A Critical Introduction. The film premiered at the 1991 Venice Film Festival, where it won the Silver Lion and was subsequently nominated for the Academy Awards. You can email a link to this page to a colleague or librarian: The link was not copied. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. "Exoticism However, I did not fully identify what that means. The standard taxonomy in translation looks like this: -2 = Exoticism (very strong elements of source language + culture left in), -1 = Cultural borrowing (minor source elements left in), 0 = Calque (a balanced translation that tries to tow a line between both cultures and languages), +1 = Communicative translation (more toward the target language), +2 = Cultural transplantation (source elements removed and complete loyalty to the target language; as if never translated, with no hints of source language or culture). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, 14, pp. Shapiro, Ron (2000). 2001. 283 0 obj Durham and London: Duke University Press. Racial Attitudes and Exoticism in the Old English 'Wonders of the East' The flare of recent racial tensions, especially in the wake of the Trump administration's xenophobic rhetoric, has had repercussions in Charlottesville and across the United States. Bradshaw, Peter (2016). By contrast, Western audiences and critics were enthralled by this exotic spectacle which Zhang masterfully manufactured for the pleasure and gaze of the Western viewer (Lu, 1997: 126). Exoticism functions like a hermeneutic circuit that relies on the appropriation and reworking of established iconographic conventions and narrative tropes in order to be recognised as such. However, the limited scope of this essay and its focus on developing a model of transnational reception precluded me from pursuing these other lines of argument. The history of the terms "anthropology" and "ethnology" tells much about the changing scope of the field and central deba, Cultural Relativism 1990. 1640. However, the relationship between realist and exoticist modes of representation is more complicated and they are not mutually exclusive. A Closer Look at the Corpus Rubenianum and the Rembrandt Research Project.' Homi Bhabha and subsequent scholars of hybridity and the encounters between subaltern and dominant cultures, therefore, make every effort to draw attention to exoticisms parodic dimension in order to empower and render eloquent its latent subversion of oppressive and exploitative fantasies. It also applies to the various mechanisms of transnational film funding and co-production, circulation and distribution, since the selection procedures involved tend to privilege a particular type of global art cinema that promises to appeal to (metropolitan) cinephiles (cf. For these languages a sentence can only be correct if its words have consistent grammatical gender. Methodologically, this essay combines a close reading of the idealized representations of things in domestic spaces we encounter in paintings with an analysis of the materiality, design and historical trajectories of the things themselves. You can comment below, or link to this permanent URL from your own site. Huggan, Graham. 6588. This entry was posted on April 15, 2010 at 2:56 pm and is filed under Uncategorized. It has been deeply entrenched in the European imaginary of the Orient ever since Pierre Loti conflated exoticism and eroticism and his immensely popular novel Madame Chrysanthme (1887) inspired Giacomo Puccinis opera Madama Butterfly (1904) and served as a template of Asian femininity in the popular imagination of the West (cf. What particular qualities do films as diverse as Raise the Red Lantern, LOdeur de la papaye verte (The Scent of Green Papaya, Trn Anh Hng, France/Vietnam, 1993), Como agua para chocolate (Like Water for Chocolate, Alfonso Arau, Mexico, 1992), Fa yeung nin wa (In the Mood for Love, Wong Kar-wai, Hong Kong/China, 2000), Three Seasons (Tony Bui, Vietnam/USA, 2000), Water (Deepa Mehta, Canada/India, 2007), The Assassin, Tanna (Martin Butler and Bentley Dean, Australia/Vanuatu, 2015) and El abrazo de la serpiente (Embrace of the Serpent, Ciro Guerra, Columbia/Venezuela/Argentina, 2015) possess to elicit the exotic gaze in the spectator? The Velvet Light Trap,50, pp. ), Art in Iran and Europe in the 17th Century: Exchange and Reception (pp. The translation of items (words and phrases) which are specific to one culture from a Source Language expressing that culture (the Source Culture) into a Target Language expressing another. Although the dynamics of globalisation have profoundly changed the configurations of Self and Other and challenged the Western ethnographers authority to interpret the signifying systems of supposedly subordinate societies, according to Rey Chow (1995: 177), we still cannot write/think/talk the non-West in the academy without in some sense anthropologizing it. This explains why non-Western filmmakers are often expected to act as native informants and interpreters whose role it is to provide authentic accounts of their cultures of origin. . This is why I also think that Google Translate is not a perfect solution for translation at a professional level. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF /Text]>>/Type/Page>> Leiden circa 1630: Rembrandt Emerges, (Agnes Ethering Art Centre, Kingston ON; Art Gallery of Alberta, Edmonton AB; MacKenzie Gallery, Regina SK; Art Gallery of Hamilton, Hamilton ON; Vereniging van Nederlandse Kunsthistorici, Saul in Story and Tradition (Series Forschungen Zum Alten Testament), Netherlands Yearbook for History of Art vol. When the concepts and structure of the source text can be easily translated into the target language, direct translation techniques are usually used. Prostitution and the exploitation of countless women, children, and some men are side effects of exoticisms tendency toward aesthetic abstraction and voyeuristic commodification of its participating actors. If you were to imagine a range of translation options from -2 to 0 to +2, -2 might be a translation that is as close or loyal as possible to the German source text. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/21/the-assassin-review-captivatingly-hypnotic-if-impenetrable-wuxia-tale. The Hollywood Reporter. 303319. Delivered to your inbox! 2004 (1994). Change). Khoo, 2007: 6; Heung, 1997). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Moreover, its transnational appeal is usually part of a deliberate strategy which non-Western filmmakers deploy to pander to the tastes and expectations of Western critics and audiences. 327. (LogOut/ Museum Rietberg. Find out the translation of exoticism to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator. Childs, Elizabeth C. (2013). As I have demonstrated elsewhere (Berghahn, 2017), contemporary world cinema offers numerous examples of how exoticism is harnessed to new ethico-political agendas and a diverse range of humanitarian and ecological issues that have nothing in common with exoticisms tainted colonial legacy. Rembrandt and the Dutch Golden Age (exh. Tanna invokes the exotic iconography of earlier South Sea films. For very technical texts, where accuracy of content is king, it might be closer to -2 or -1. Ebert, Roger (1992). Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Literal translation is your straightforward word-for-word translation. 2. Huggan, Graham (2001). 27 Apr. Forsdick, Charles (2003). Get ready with Test&Train, the online practice tool from Cambridge.Build your confidence with hundreds of exam questions with hints, tips and instant feedback. And, to end with yet another disclaimer, I may have conveyed the impression that contemporary world cinema merely recycles the exotic iconography and narrative tropes of the past without actually innovating the aesthetic paradigm and its ideological trajectory. <> The Assassin. Bibliography for the study of Baroque art and architecture, Biblical Iconography in the Graphic Work of Rembrandt's Circle, in: Rembrandt and his Circle: Insights and Discoveries, ed. An exoticism is a word from a foreign language which denotes something (e.g. Their common denominator is, as I shall illustrate, that they resonate with the multi-faceted iconography of exoticism. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/assassin-cannes-review-797267. Europes Myths of Orient: Devise and Rule. One of course can try to balance that. Exoticism. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exoticism. Experimente el exotismo de la Medina de Marrakech. ." endobj This prominent ethnic stereotype, which readily homogenises Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other Asian women, is instantly legible as exotic. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz! Taxonomy of a Translation Thank you! 115. New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, pp. Thus, exotic world cinema speaks to contemporary Western societies anhedonia and desire to escape the perceived blandness of Western culture by inviting spectators to sense how other people sensuously inhabit their world (Marks, 2000: 241). It is worth emphasising that cultural translation shapes world cinema at every single stage. 309 0 obj Forsdick, Charles (2001). phil., Royal Holloway. Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English, Today, the nearly 5,300-square-foot home exudes elegance and, Across the centuries, orchids have captivated us with their elaborate, Whether it's the mysteries of the blue agave source plant, the, Presumably it would be because, after 40-some-odd films in the franchise, producers felt they needed to do a little something extra to up the, Such a reductive representation of cultural difference is termed colonial, Addressing the politics of gender in studies on, They are, rather, narrative agents whose actions move the stories forward and develop the authenticity and, Although the poet insists that eros is the force of perpetual revolution, he consistently finds in it an, However, she changes her positionality as she proceeds with her description and adopts an uncertain viewing position which avoids fixating difference as a stereotypical characteristic of colonial. For instance, if I were translating the classic VW advertising text from the early 1990s, I might leave the German term for "the joy of driving" in German: "Fahrvergngen". Ethnic Food Fetishism, Whiteness, and Nostalgia in Recent Film and Television. Khoo, Olivia (2007). Said, Edward. <> E-Book Collections Title Lists and MARC Records, Latest Financial Press Releases and Reports. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <> <> <> In fact, as Charles Forsdick (2001: 21) has persuasively argued, the exotic gaze is a perspective from the other side, from outside and across geographical [or cultural] boundaries. It depends on the maintenance of boundaries, lest cultural difference and the sense of astonishment and wonder it evokes in the beholder, be preserved. It is precisely these perceived Oriental qualities [] that separate Chinese and Western audience preferences for Zhangs films and Gong Lis images (Reynaud cited in Lu, 1997: 126). de Luca, 2013; Galt and Schoonover, 2010: 1517; Nagib, 2011; 2020. Previously, it was the role of China specialists to translate and introduce artistic works from China to the Western audience. ) |{)yQmiN,ax ,sT'NuX0%vV*8}i `Xus$LuY,mz@@^t\Dsw Exoticism demonstrates itself in colorful spectacles of otherness purporting to be an unmediated expression of natural drives and instincts. 554581. Exh.cat. Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng (1997). ), Budapest, 2014. The same holds true for world cinema, which must travel from its site of origin and be watched by audiences originating from different nations, regions or cultures. https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/exoticism, "Exoticism 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">. Taking our cue from Al-Najjar (1989), the paper shows that employing Arabicisation can be through (1) loanword in which traits of exoticism are observed in Arabic; (2) loanblend: a hybrid form of the translated item consisting of two parts, one belongs to the Source Language (SL) and another belongs to the Target Language (TL); (3) translation . Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. It adopts a cultural perspective that is firmly entrenched in the conventions and belief systems of Western civilization and therefore constructs the East as the archetypical location of otherness. Ron Shapiro (2000: 41) sums up the pejorative attitude, prevalent in particular amongst postcolonial scholars, with acerbic cynicism: To speak of the exotic [] is to condone all manner of European imperialisms and colonialisms, and to deliberately condemn the so-called sub-altern to continued misery. Yet he is actually one of the relatively few defendants of exoticism and argues that exoticism is not necessarily false and evil (42) but has a rightful place as an imaginary construction of the Other, or indeed the Self as Other, because politics and the imagination need to be kept separate. anything exotic, as a foreign word or idiom. It results in creative reconfigurations that occur when the state of boundedness is disturbed by the forces of mobility (Papastergiadis, 2011: 2). Saids study of Europes most enduring exotic fantasies about the Middle East set the beginning for other postcolonial interrogations of romanticized projections of the cultural other by which the West continues to assert its superiority. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. London: Macmillan. Offering a theoretical discussion of exoticism, alongside the closely related concepts of autoethnography and cultural translation, the article proposes that exoticism is a particular mode of aesthetic perception that is simultaneously anchored in the filmic text and elicited in the spectator in the process of transnational reception. The Guardian, 21 January. Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. The translations of exoticism from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word exoticism in English. Bill Nicholss (1994: 16, 18) evocative description of film festivals as a new type of contact zone where cosmopolitan cinephiles can enjoy an abiding pleasure in the recognition of [cultural] differences reaffirms Chows argument that the encounter with the non-West is inevitably imagined in ethnographic terms. the quality of being unusual and exciting because of coming (or seeming to come) from far away, especially a tropical country: the exoticism of the East SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases Exceptional qualities, things and people a gift from the gods idiom be a one idiom character curiosity distinction distinctiveness favoured gift 618. Lutz Bassmann went first and kept his mouth shut the whole time. In: Lcia, Nagib, Chris, Perriam and Rajinder, Dudrah, eds., Theorizing World Cinema. Such translations may have a great impact on target language readers because of their foreign and exotic ideas. In the meantime, the domestic audience dismisses the same films as misrepresentations and mystifications of China.. 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">. The encounter with the exotic Other has traditionally been imagined as a re-awakening of the senses that have been dulled by the repetitive humdrum of modernity (cf. Papastergiadis, Nikos (2011). The emphasis exoticism places on sumptuous images and visual splendour shifts the attention from the films deeper meaning (such as specific historical events, social conventions and interactions articulated in the narrative) to the surface which not only shines but glosses, which looks, stares, and speaks (Chow, 1995: 150).5 Nowhere is this shift from the semantic core to surface appearance more apparent than in the films of Zhang Yimou which literally burst with bold saturated colours, a hallmark of his voluptuous visual style that is also emphasised in the titles of his films Hong Gao Liang (Red Sorghum, Zhang Yimou, China, 1987) and Raise the Red Lantern, and carefully composed painterly tableaus that invite audiences to feast their eyes on opulent interiors as well as on the enchanting beauty of Gong Li, the poster girl of Fifth Generation Chinese films (Khoo, 2007: 1) and first actress in the post-Maoist period to gain global recognition. This article examines why exoticism is central to thinking about the global dynamics of world cinema and its transnational reception. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The Skin of the Film: Intercultural Cinema, Embodiment, and the Senses. The widowed Mr Chu prepares elaborate banquets for his three daughters in Eat Drink Man Woman. The Assassin vibrant colours and painterly image compositions convey sensual pleasure. Connell, John (2003). Ever since Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (in 1768) and other European explorers travelled to Polynesia and perceived the islanders as the incarnation of Rousseaus ideal of the natural man, untouched by the corrupting influence of Western civilisation, the South Pacific islands have come to epitomise paradise on earth (Childs, 2013; Connell, 2003). The Lords of Humankind: European Attitudes to the Outside World in the Imperial Age. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. London and New York: Continuum. Primitive Passions: Visuality, Sexuality, Ethnography, and Contemporary Chinese Cinema. endobj . Changes in the Meaning and Reception of an Orientalising Fine Arts Theme in Europe and Hungary, Master Class: Northern European Art (1500-1700) from the Permanent Collection, 2018, CORPUS RUBENIANUM VERSUS REMBRANDT RESEARCH PROJECT. Click on the arrows to change the translation direction. In: Sheldon, Hsiao-peng Lu, ed., Transnational Chinese Cinemas: Identity, Nationhood, Gender. the quality of being exotic; "he loved the exoticism of Egypt". She regards fiction films such as Chen Kaiges Huang tu di (Yellow Earth, China, 1984) and Zhang Yimous award-winning Ju Dou (China/Japan, 1990) and Dahong Denglong Gaogao gua (Raise the Red Lantern, China/Hong Kong/Taiwan, 1991) as a new type of ethnography practiced by those who were previously ethnographized and who have, in the postcolonial age, taken up the active task of ethnographizing their own cultures (Chow, 1995: 180). An experience where the exoticism and passion speak the same language. Yet rather than challenging the unequal power hierarchies implied in the ethnographers act of looking, in which non-Western cultures are invariably the object of the gaze, Fifth Generation Chinese filmmakers actively replicate the state of being looked at in their films (Chow, 1995: 180). The Persian-European Dialogue in Seventeenth-Century Art & Contemporary Art of Teheran, Rembrandt and everyday life: the fusion of genre and history, in Arthur J. DiFuria, ed., Genre Imagery in Early Modern Northern Europe: New Perspectives, London and New York: Routledge: An Ashgate Book, 2016, 161-182. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Dennison and Lim, 2006: 2; Nagib, Perriam and Dudrah, 2012: xix). The demand of the nineteenth century for information about non-European peoples gave rise to numerous cheap reproductions of ethnographic drawings. London and New York: I. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. FRAGMENTARY INVENTORY OF DECEASED DISSIDENTS. New York: Columbia University Press. 265275. The key conception here is the introduction of the exotic from abroad into a domestic economy (Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin, 2000: 94). https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/raise-the-red-lantern-1992. Encompassing global art cinema as well as popular genre films and their transnational reception, world cinema is an amorphous and critically versatile concept that invites contestation and debate. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 120. Although exoticism is associated with notions of animality, it carefully distances itself from the violence and exploitation that characterize the related concept of barbarism. relationship between foreignisation and exoticism, which will be based Bhabha, Homi. Vanishing Paradise: Art and Exoticism in Colonial Tahiti, Berkeley: University of California Press. Nagib, Lcia (2020). <> Framegrab. 33. Offering a theoretical discussion of exoticism, alongside the closely related concepts of autoethnography and cultural translation, it proposes that the exotic gaze is a particular mode of aesthetic perception that is simultaneously anchored in the filmic text and elicited in the spectator in the process of transnational reception. endobj Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. For When 'Lowdown Crook' Isn't Specific Enough. Encyclopedia.com. Notes on Painterly Narrative in the Early Work of Rembrandt, The Odalisque. Introduction: The Impurity of Art Cinema. The Family Romance of Orientalism: From Madame Butterfly to Indochine. Similarly, exoticism, though a prevalent interpretative model in the transnational reception of world cinema, competes with other ones, such as those which, indebted to Fredric Jamesons influential but controversial essay Third-World Literature in the Era of Multinational Capitalism (1986), conceive of world cinema in terms of national (or political) allegory. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Translating (human) gender German, Spanish, Hebrew, Arabic and Russian are just a handful of the many languages which have rich grammatical gender. Likewise, we only need to consider Apichatpong Weerasethakuls films, whose radical alterity makes them extremely enigmatic, if not utterly perplexing for global audiences, to appreciate that they lack two essential characteristics of exoticism: firstly, their extreme Otherness precludes domestication, that is, integration into a familiar system of aesthetic and conceptual reference points and, secondly, they are largely devoid of the visual and sensuous allure that is a hallmark of exotic cinema. Once associated with the exotic "Eastern" themes and styles of Eugene Delacroix's, James McNeill Whistler's, and John Singer Sargent's, Fantasy Screen, 16 (3), pp. The Presence, Influence and Collection of Seventeenth-Century Netherlandish Art in Hungary, Bibliography to Sehnsucht Persien/The Fascination of Persia. Travelling Concepts: Postcolonial Approaches to Exoticism. This imaginary, however, dates back much further. SEE ALSO Cannibalism; Enlightenment; Gaze, Colonial; Gaze, The; Orientalism; Other, The; Prostitution; Sexuality; Stare, The; Stereotypes; Tourism; Travel and Travel Writing; White Supremacy. Iconography and Identity in Frederick Rihel's Equestrian Portrait, Kuretsky "Worldly Creation in Rembrandt Three Trees" Artibus et Historiae 1994.pdf, Govert Flinck and the Houses of Orange and Brandenburg: network and influence, India Ink: Imagery of the Subcontinent in Early Modern Europe, Shalom Sabar, Between Calvinists and Jews: Hebrew Script in Rembrandts Art, in Mitchell B. Merback, ed., Beyond the Yellow Badge: Anti-Judaism and Antisemitism in Medieval and Early European Modern Visual Culture (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 371-404, 559-573, Thoughts on the Market for Rembrandt's Portrait Etchings by Stephanie S. Dickey, Review of The New Hollstein: Rembrandt (7 vols.) This is, however, not to say that all exotic films substitute glossy surfaces for deep meaning, thereby effectively compensating for the hermeneutic deficit that may arise when world cinema travels. Click on the arrows to change the translation direction. Loosely plotted around one of Disneylands hoariest theme-park rides (which, even after recent updates, still teems with faux savagery and denatured, Her affinity for combining chinoiserie, Moghul-style flowers, and Provenal accents surfaces subtly, giving the rooms a whiff of, Bhutan has often been ranked as one of the worlds happiest countries, and WeCroak seems to be trading on a casual, Puertas assemblages, with their fake tropical greenery, faux fur, lace, rhinestones and sexualized forms, represent the, There's no trace of her Asian background or even the, For decades, Bollywood movies, at least when they were released here, had an undeniable, The earliest pictures here, dating from the 19th century and taken of Indigenous North Americans by non-Native photographers, emphasize. This usually takes two forms: either discovering a common humanity that transcends cultural differences or recognising aesthetic forms and patterns familiar from European art cinema in world cinema. The Chinese Exotic: Modern Diasporic Femininity. Although this kind of cultural translation has, historically, been the domain of ethnography, it is by no means restricted to the scientific discourse on cultural difference. The chief attraction which both world literature and world cinema hold for their recipients is the promise of offering windows onto foreign worlds that are (imagined as) profoundly different from the West (cf. Get ready with Test&Train, the online practice tool from Cambridge.Build your confidence with hundreds of exam questions with hints, tips and instant feedback. B. Tauris.

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