LF left front paw; LH left hind paw; RF right front paw; RH right hind paw. Interestingly the GFAP positive area in the TBI xenon group was significantly increased compared to the TBI control group in the right contusional cortex, left somatosensory cortex, left and right retrosplenial cortex, right hypothalamus, right CA1, left and right dentate gyrus, and the corpus callosum (Fig. 2007;107(5):75667. Our current findings demonstrate for the first time in ratsthat xenon improves functional outcome and prevents neuronal loss. Trends Pharmacol Sci. Loane DJ, Faden AI. We classified microglia based on their morphology; resting microglia have smaller rounder soma with high ramification, while activated microglia assume hypertrophic or bushy phenotypes with a larger more amorphous soma with less ramification [36, 37]. The CatWalk-XT automated gait analysis system (Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, the Netherlands) was used to measure locomotor function and gait parameters. At that time, I used to have heavy flues with 7) the GFAP-positive area was increased in the xenon-treated group. in my youth in Romania, on professional level. 2019;56(8):533245. 1, 2). In the left CA3 smaller, round (soma area<100 m2 & roundness>0.5), more ramified resting microglia predominate in the sham, TBI control and TBI xenon groups (Fig. Klose M, Feldt-Rasmussen U. The purpose of TrippyWiki is to help you find the right psychedelics and use them safely and effectively. In subcortical areas where xenon attenuated neuronal loss, we observed significant (p<0.05) increases in smaller more round low activity microglia in xenon-treated group compared to sham in left hippocampal CA1 (Fig. Loane DJ, Kumar A, Stoica BA, Cabatbat R, Faden AI. Google Scholar. 2010;31(12):596604. Twenty-micrometer-thick slices from the perfused brains were used for immunofluorescence staining for NeuN (neurons), Iba1 (microglia), GFAP (reactive astrocytes), and DAPI (nuclei). Nintedanib is an intracellular inhibitor of tyrosine kinases. J Neurotrauma. 2014;133(5):80918. PubMed Central 2015;43(1):14958. Experiments complied with the UK Animals Scientific Procedures Act (1986) and were approved by the Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body of Imperial College London. I started much healthier diet and to eat much smaller Based on our experience, the best way to utilize the power of Xenon is to Data from this animal are not included in the study and the animal was replaced. Frankowski JC, Kim YJ, Hunt RF. Tragically he died from burn injuries after his PCP lab caught on fire in February of this year. Crit Care 24, 667 (2020). Figure5 shows quantification of Iba1-positive microglia cortical & subcortical regions. We assessed whether our controlled cortical impact injury resulted in neuronal loss in clinically relevant brain regions and whether xenon treatment could prevent or attenuate this loss. TBI results from an external mechanical force causing primary injury that initiates a complex biochemical and cellular pathophysiology leading to secondary injury developing in the minutes, hours, and even months later. 6b(ii)), and left DG (Fig. The lesion volume of the primary injury group was used to calculate the secondary lesion volume at 24h. Animals were anesthetized with 2.5% isoflurane with buprenorphine analgesia (0.04mgkg1) in an air/oxygen mixture (35% oxygen:65% nitrogen) supplied via a facemask in spontaneously breathing animals. Neurobiology of disease. Mol Pharmacol. I barely noticed any change after my first Xenon inhalation, 6b(iii)), with little or no change in the number of larger, less round and amorphous active microglia. Some of the NeuN-, Iba1- and GFAP-positive distributions in the ROIs were found to be significantly different from a normal distribution and could not be transformed into a normal distribution. The median cell density in the xenon-treated groups in these layers was not different to sham. Thank you for taking psychedelics responsibly, immature psychonauts are the last thing the psychedelic movement needs.And thank you for being a part of this renaissance. Treatment was started 30min after injury and given for a relatively short duration of 3h in spontaneously breathing animals, modelling a scenario where treatment could be given by first responders and continued in hospital in the neuro-ITU or during neurosurgery. 2019;123(1):6073. has the ability to trigger personal development and accelerate spiritual growth If you vomit while being unconscious, you may die as a consequence. All animals had undergone no previous procedures before entering this study. b Quantification of Iba1-positive cells from sham (white bars), TBI control (blue bars) and TBI xenon (red bars) in i motor/medial parietal association cortex (M1/MPtA) & contusional cortex, ii somatosensory cortex (S1BF), iii retrosplenial cortex (RSC) iv hypothalamus, v amygdala, vi hippocampal CA1, vii CA2, viii CA3, ix dentate gyrus (DG) and x corpus callosum. Due to tissue damage or imperfections such as folds, it was not possible to make neuronal count measurements in every ROI (eg right RSC, left & right hypothalamus) from every animal (individual points are shown on the graphs). Xenon has been shown to be neuroprotective using in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic brain injury [4, 13,14,15,16,17,18,19], and a recent two-center clinical trial of xenon for brain injury after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest showed evidence of reduced cerebral white matter damage [20]. CAS There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the area of GFAP-positive astrocytes in the xenon-treated group compared to the sham group in the contusional cortex (Fig. Thoresen M, Hobbs CE, Wood T, Chakkarapani E, Dingley J. Cooling combined with immediate or delayed xenon inhalation provides equivalent long-term neuroprotection after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. The locomotor function data was normally distributed and was analyzed using ANOVA test with Sidak correction. 2001;63(1):907. We assessed significance of differences in contusion volume using a MannWhitney U test. If used the right way, xenon appears to be extremely safe and the gas protects your neurons during oxygen deprivation. As the null statistics for the KW test are known not to follow a chi-squared distribution for small numbers especially in the region of the 0.95 and 0.99 quantile, results from the KW test were compared to the exact results for a KW test using a program written in Mathematica (Mathematica 11.3.0.0, Wolfram Research Inc.) [39]. Dingley J, Tooley J, Porter H, Thoresen M. Xenon provides short-term neuroprotection in neonatal rats when administered after hypoxia-ischemia. It is beyond doubt that we live in very challenging times. Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B, et al. Xenon treatment resulted in significant increases in Iba1-positive microglia and GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes that was associated with neuronal preservation. WebZACHARY, LOUISIANA: A Black man from Zachary died from multiple gunshot wounds after reportedly confronting his teenage daughter's boyfriend. become aware of it and learn to use it in its greatest potential we can all Xenon has not previously been evaluated in rats after TBI. PLoS ONE. Xenon treatment after severe traumatic brain injury improves locomotor outcome, reduces acute neuronal loss and enhances early beneficial neuroinflammation: a randomized, blinded, controlled animal study, $$\frac{d}{2}*\left({A}_{1 \, }+{A}_{n}\right)+d*\left({A}_{2 \, }+{A}_{3}+\dots +{A}_{n-1}\right)$$, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03373-9, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. 1e). In all subcortical areas except the right somatosensory cortex, the median number of low activity resting microglia was greater in the TBI xenon group compared to the TBI control group, but this did not reach significance. combining my energy and physical touch or massage. 2017;13(9):572. There is accumulating molecular evidence that microglial activation state is more complex than a simple binary model [50]. Locomotor function was assessed using Catwalk-XT automated gait analysis at baseline and 24h after injury. In the pericontusional right somatosensory cortex, there was significant (p<0.05) neuronal loss in the TBI control group in layers 2 & 3, layer 4, layer 5 and layer 6 (Fig. Clinical TBI is associated with impairments in cognitive function, increased anxiety and sleep disturbances; normal functioning of these behaviours is associated with subcortical brain regions. great satisfaction to be able to find a dream home for our clients. clarity, including the development of what could be called an extra-sensory Neurons were counted in the left and right retrosplenial cortex (RSC) in layers 1, 234, 5 & 6; the left motor/medial parietal association cortex (M1/MPtA) in layers 1, 23, 4, 5 & 6; left and right somatosensory cortex (S1BF) in layers 1, 23, 4, 5 & 6; and in the right and left subcortical regions of hippocampus (CA1; CA2; CA3 & DG), amygdala (Amyg) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). We recently demonstrated for the first time in an animal model that xenon is neuroprotective following moderate TBI in mice[25]. The reduction in speed was associated with decreased stride length; interestingly the decrease in stride length was present in all limbs and was not lateralized as might be expected from an injury on the right motor cortex. In the left somatosensory cortex and left motor/association cortex, there was no significant difference between xenon and sham groups. was never really an alcohol drinker, but another side-effect of Xenon is that I prefer to stay almost completely off alcohol. In this study, we evaluate the effect of xenon treatment on functional outcome, lesion volume, neuronal loss and neuroinflammation after severe TBI in rats. Neuropsychologia. Neurologic Clin. J Thorac Imaging. Carbon dioxide was removed from the system by soda lime pellets. Incidence of traumatic brain injury in New Zealand: a population-based study. Stephen Rothery, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, for advice on widefield microscopy and image analysis; Zhen Cahilog, Nada Mohamed Ali, Kate Gallagher & Maria Balaet of Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London for assistance with preliminary histological analysis. pursuing this carrier in the Czech Republic, on part time basis. Neuronal loss was quantified in coronal brain sections. Web118 Followers, 33 Following, 38 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Xenonclinic (@xenon.clinic) Given our observation of improved locomotor function with xenon treatment we focused first on motor and sensorimotor areas. compassionate and spiritual. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, but there are no clinically proven treatments that specifically target neuronal loss and secondary injury development following TBI. 2017;16(12):9871048. However, elderly patients are more likely to have age-related liver, kidney, or heart problems, which may require caution and an adjustment in the dose for patients receiving Xenon Xe 133 gas. Sleep-wake disturbances after traumatic brain injury: synthesis of human and animal studies. I worked as a real estate agent in the Seattle area and I am still In a report released Tuesday, the VA Inspector General's office (OIG) found that 215 deceased patients had open specialist consultation appointments at the Phoenix In the U.S.A., where I worked as a massage New developments in imaging idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with hyperpolarized Xenon magnetic resonance imaging. Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated geriatric-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of Xenon Xe 133 gas in the elderly. You can understand that after such a transformational experience I simply wanted to bring this opportunity to as many people in need as possible, so TBI is recognized as a dynamic process starting with a mechanical force causing the primary injury and activating a complex set of pathological processes resulting in an evolving secondary injury [26]. One animal in the xenon group had the treatment start time delayed to 1h in error. Crit Care Med. 5b(iii)). WebUptake and elimination of xenon from patients undergoing surgical procedures. n=6 sham (white boxes) 24h, n=6, TBI control 24h (blue boxes); n=5 TBI xenon 24h (red boxes). However in this ROI there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the number of active microglia in the xenon group compared to sham (Fig. Brains were carefully removed from the skull and left in 4% paraformaldehyde (in PBS) overnight at 4C, then transferred to 30% sucrose in PBS until the brains sank, before being frozen on powdered dry ice. Together, we can change the world! Stream HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA: https://bit.ly/2LOfM2r Anesthesiology. The use of animal models is essential in the later stages of preclinical translation, once screening using in vitro models is complete [21, 22]. A craniotomy window (~8mm6mm) was created using a saline-cooled high-speed drill, alongthe coronal and lambdoid sutures and laterally as close as possible to the temporalis muscle insertion. If you are a mentally stable individual, there is a low chance you would develop any serious mental illnesses because of taking the drug. Article Weiss P. Applications of Generating Functions in Nonparametric Tests. We have previously shown that xenon is effective in a mouse model of moderate TBI [25, 41], but before clinical translation it is of utmost relevance and usually a requirement to demonstrate efficacy in a second species. An increase in overall number and number of active microglia following TBI has been observed in previous studies [36, 37] and xenon appears to enhance this homeostatic response. Subsequently my fatigue J Head Trauma Rehabil. That is the primary reason and the biggest Google Scholar. 1c). Webdeath within 24 hr of the xenon CT CBF study are summarized in Table 1. Figure5a shows representative Iba1-positive microglia in the left hypothalamus from sham, TBI control and TBI xenon groups. PubMed For the current study, we used a more severe injury [42] and investigated effects on motor function and specific cell types at an early time-point representative of the time of maximal secondary injury development. I am looking forward to welcoming WebThat is the primary reason and the biggest reward, for which we have opened our Xenon Clinic. WebXenon (xenon xe-133) is a member of the diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals drug class and is commonly used for Diagnosis and Investigation. Ling GS, Marshall SA. 6b(v)), there were significant (p<0.05) increases in both resting and active microglia in the xenon-treated group compared to the sham group. No! n=6 sham (white boxes) 24h, n=6, TBI control 24h (blue boxes); n=5 TBI xenon 24h (red boxes). J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. equipped to deal with the challenges laying ahead. you in our Xenon clinic! If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Histological outcomes were assessed following perfusion fixation at 15min or 24h after injury or sham procedure. Emergency Services: YES. Campos-Pires R, Koziakova M, Yonis A, Pau A, Macdonald W, Harris K, Edge CJ, Franks NP, Mahoney PF, Dickinson R. Xenon protects against blast-induced traumatic brain injury in an in vitro model. I heard of Images were captured with a Zeiss AxioObserver inverted widefield microscope (Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy, Imperial College London) equipped with a motorized stage and a 20objective (Zeiss Plan Apochromat, NA 0.8, WD 0.55mm). Soltys Z, Ziaja M, Pawlinski R, Setkowicz Z, Janeczko K. Morphology of reactive microglia in the injured cerebral cortex. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. JAMA. As clinical TBI severity is heterogeneous, it is also important to evaluate neuroprotection in different injury severities [26]. In contrast in the TBI control group there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in locomotor speed, by 9.3 (3.0) m s1, 24h after injury (Fig. 2012;117(6):126275. Our findings demonstrate that xenon improves functional outcome and reduces neuronal loss after brain trauma in rats. 6b. Treatment start time was 30min after injury, with a relatively short duration of 3h, modelling a scenario where xenon-treatment could be initiated by first responders and continued in the early hospital phase. In layer 4 and layer 6 of the left motor cortex a reduction in median neuronal density in the TBI control group was evident compared to sham group but this did not reach significance (Fig. Live neurons show a strong NeuN staining combined with DAPI. Secondary injury volume at 24h, calculated by subtracting the primary lesion volume at 15min, was decreased by 34% in the xenon-treated group, although this did not reach statistical significance (Fig. The preservation of neurons in clinically relevant brain regions in the xenon-treated group was associated with an early increase in number of Iba1-positive microglia. A serious shoulder injury led me to search Stream HAMILTON'S A separate experimenter, blinded to groups and treatment, performed behavioural tests. Sham-surgery animals underwent identical anesthesia, temperature control, placement in stereotactic frame, surgical skin incision to reveal the surface of the skull which was drilled superficially but no craniotomy was performed. Slices were washed in PBS+0.3% TritonX100) and blocked for 1.5h with 10% normal goat serum (diluted in PBS-0.3% Triton) at room temperature. 2017;8:354. Crit Care. Image J2: ImageJ for the next generation of scientific image data. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Article The choice of anesthetic and analgesic drugs in animal TBIstudiesmay have an impact on how secondary injury develops [29,30,31]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. WebPatients with disturbed liver function and/or renal function may also benefit because of low toxicity and a lack of hemodynamic depression leading to preserved organ perfusion. Scientific reports. Rueden CT, Schindelin J, Hiner MC, DeZonia BE, Walter AE, Arena ET, Eliceiri KW. Based on our experience, the best way to Controlled cortical impact results in a primary injury that develops significantly 24h later. A medium of a great potential. Isoflurane improves long-term neurologic outcome versus fentanyl after traumatic brain injury in rats. of psychedelics and help our society integrate these wonderful substances. PubMed Central To quantify the number of Iba1-positive cells; the background was subtracted (Gaussian blur function), the image was binarized and particles with an area of 40 m2 or larger were counted using automated or manual counting. Xenon treatment enhances early microglial proliferation. To quantify lesion volume, for each brain, a total of 3034 sections(20m thick) spanning the entire lesion were collected on Superfrost Plus microscope slides (ThermoFisher Ltd, Hemel Hempstead, Herts, UK) every 500m. 7b(iii)), the right hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) subregions (Fig. The IABP was designed in the early 1960s at the Cleveland Clinic in an effort to treat left ventricular failure using counter pulsation or diastolic augmentation. [20, 54,55,56]. In the corpus callosum xenon significantly (p<0.05) increased the median number of Iba1-positive microglia. There was a significant reduction in locomotor speed in the TBI control group at 24h, while this reduction was absent in the TBI xenon group. To quantify reactive astrogliosis, we measured the area of GFAP positive staining within the regions of interest; the GFAP images were binarized after thresholding and the percentage of GFAP stained area within the regions of interest was measured. 2010;25(5):36674. Clinically TBI is highly heterogeneous and from a translational perspective it is important to evaluate neuroprotection in different injury severities and other species [26]. The sample sizes (n) are indicated in the figure legends. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Images were analyzed with FIJI (ImageJ) software [34, 35]. Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated geriatric-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of Xenon Xe 133 gas in the elderly. Laitio R, Hynninen M, Arola O, Virtanen S, Parkkola R, Saunavaara J, Roine RO, Gronlund J, Ylikoski E, Wennervirta J, et al. Moderate hypothermia within 6 h of birth plus inhaled xenon versus moderate hypothermia alone after birth asphyxia (TOBY-Xe): a proof-of-concept, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Our observations of reduced hypothalamic neuronal loss with xenon treatment indicate that the effect of xenon treatment on hypothalamic function following TBI merits future investigation. The system consists of a runway with glass plate floor with dim light illuminating the glass from the side. their development. So it appears that xenon is safe, but at least one and maybe two people have now died in the Czech Republic, people who run these clinics. Article Zoerle T, Carbonara M, Zanier ER, Ortolano F, Bertani G, Magnoni S, Stocchetti N. Rethinking neuroprotection in severe traumatic brain injury: toward bedside neuroprotection. This study, together with our previous studies in mice, support the view that xenon could be an early neuroprotective treatment for TBI. In the cortical areas (Fig. All authors read and approved the final manusript. In all other areas there was no significant difference between the control TBI group and the sham group or the xenon treated group. reward, for which we have opened our Xenon Clinic. Talk about what services you provide. really turned my life around. Applies to Hamilton visits a xenon clinic in the Czech Republic, where xenon is seen as a miracle cure for physical, psychological, and spiritual ailments. I take this ability to be the Animals walk spontaneously along the runway toward a goal box. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Xenon is a noble gas used medically as a general anesthetic and in MRI imaging [4, 5]. In order to investigate locomotor impairment further and determine whether there was any lateralization we examined the stride-length in individual limbs. The lines are medians, boxes represent interquartile interval and whiskers are range. Sandsmark DK, Elliott JE, Lim MM. function with less sleep - seven or even six hours a day if needed, without any The scale bar is 1000m. Ma D, Hossain M, Chow A, Arshad M, Battson RM, Sanders RD, Mehmet H, Edwards AD, Franks NP, Maze M. Xenon and hypothermia combine to provide neuroprotection from neonatal asphyxia. Xenon treatment after severe traumatic brain injury improves locomotor outcome, reduces acute neuronal loss and enhances early beneficial neuroinflammation: a randomized, blinded, controlled animal study. The main downside of xenon is that the gas is expensive and difficult to obtain since there is a finite amount of this element on our planet. Unlike x-rays, MRI scans do not involve radiation. 2011;6(5):e19948. on a large scale. Crit Care Med. However it is also possible that lack of lateralization could also be due to the ipsilateral limb compensating for the impairment in the contralateral limb. volume24, Articlenumber:667 (2020) PubMed Central 2012;41(11):33743. Single severe traumatic brain injury produces progressive pathology with ongoing contralateral white matter damage one year after injury. Harris K, Armstrong SP, Campos-Pires R, Kiru L, Franks NP, Dickinson R. Neuroprotection against traumatic brain injury by xenon, but not argon, is mediated by inhibition at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor glycine site. The CCI model is a well-characterized preclinical rodent model of contusional TBI, one of the most common types of TBI in humans. Phoenix, AZ 85054. a Typical cresyl violet stained slices for i TBI primary injury at 15min, ii TBI control at 24h and iii TBI xenon at 24h. b(i) In animals treated with control gas, the injury develops significantly between 15min (grey bar) and 24h (dark blue hatched bar). At the individual level, the transformation happens much faster and it is 2018;35(8):103744. Xenon (xenon xe-133) is a member of the diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals drug class and is commonly used for Diagnosis and Investigation. The cost for Xenon inhalation gas (10 mCi) is around $327 for a supply of 1 gas, depending on the pharmacy you visit. In both the cortical and subcortical areas (Fig. In the hippocampus, outlines of total CA1, CA2, CA3 and DG regions were drawn for each slice using the ImageJ line tool; in the corpus callosum, the outline of the central area was drawn for each slice. 2004;65(2):44352. The antibodies and dilutions used were: NeuN (1:200 mouse, clone A60 AlexFuor555 conjugate, MAB 377A5, Merck-Millipore, Watford, Herts, UK); Iba1 (primary: 1:200 rabbit anti-rat, C292720 Lifespan Biosciences, Inc, Seattle, USA; secondary: 1:500 AlexaFluor488 goat anti-rabbit, A11008, Life Technologies, Paisley, UK); GFAP (primary: 1:1000 chicken, AB4674, Abcam Ltd, Cambridge, UK; secondary: 1:200 goat anti-chicken, AlexaFluor647, AB150175, Abcam Ltd, Cambridge, UK). Mild posttraumatic hypothermia reduces mortality after severe controlled cortical impact in rats. MRI scans use magnets and computers to create images or pictures of certain areas of the body. In some regions such as the right S1BF and left hypothalamus we observed an increase in both active and resting microglia in the xenon-treated group. Xenon is a very dense gas. Its so dense that it can be poured like a liquid into a container and you can float a foil boat on top of it. Its far denser than air. It has the opposite effect of helium on your voice. Whereas helium makes your voice high pitched, xenon makes your voice low. For the quantification of microglia and astrocytes we, used circular regions of interest in the left M1/MPtA (1300m diameter), S1BF (1300m diameter), amygdala (600m diameter), the contusional cortex (700m diameter); oval regions in the RSC (1300600m) and ventromedial hypothalamus (561636m). 5b(ii)) and bilaterally in the retrosplenial cortex (Fig. In my leisure I pursue hobbies such as singing, painting, and yoga. Young adult male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) brain trauma or sham surgery followed by treatment with either 50% xenon:25% oxygen balance nitrogen, or control gas 75% nitrogen:25% oxygen. 6a(ii)). Two-pore-domain K+ channels are a novel target for the anesthetic gases xenon, nitrous oxide, and cyclopropane. By using this website, you agree to our 4b(ii)). Thereafter, it is sufficient to come back a Typical immunostaining showing Iba1 (green) staining from sham, TBI control and TBI xenon animals in left hypothalamus. Ma X, Aravind A, Pfister BJ, Chandra N, Haorah J. Br J Anaesth. 3b(i)). Median neuronal density in the hypothalamus was reduced in the TBI control group compared to the sham group while median neuronal density in the TBI xenon group was similar to the sham. 1995;9(4):80323. 2016;46(11):175366. With chronic (long-term) conditions, your body may take weeks or even months to die. In all subcortical regions except the right CA2 and right CA3, the median value in the xenon TBI group was greater than the TBI control group, but this increase did not reach significance. Xenon is an elemental gas with dissociative, psychoactive, and anesthetic effects.

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